Commonly used Hindi words #61 to 70: वहाँ, भारत, लिया, प्राप्त, उनकी, लोगों, गयी, लगा, अन्य, होगा

August 2nd, 2008

These ten words are taken from a spreadsheet of the most common Hindi words (courtesy of Hindi Google Group and Resource Center for Indian Language Technology Solutions). Many many thanks to Vinay from the Hindi group for dropping by to advise and correct on Wednesday. (I’ll respond to the comment soon. I’m trying to digest it still…). I don’t think I could have as much patience as you to read and try to help someone like me stumble and fumble through this.

Words ranked #61 to #70:

61. वहाँ
va-haan
(adverb) there.

62. भारत
bhaa-rat
(m. noun) India.

63. लिया
li-yaa
(verb) taken. This is the singular perfect form of लेना, to take.

64. प्राप्त
praapt
(adjective) 1. obtained; acquired; incurred. 2. come upon, found.

65. उनकी
un-kii
(adjective) theirs; his - formal

66. लोगों (lo-gon)
(pl. noun) people. This is the oblique plural form of लोग, people.

67. गयी (ga-yii)
(verb) went. This is the feminine singular past participle of जाना, to go.

68. लगा (la-gaa)
(verb) seemed. This is the masculine singular past participle of लगना, to seem.

69. अन्य (an-ya)
(adjective) other, different.

70. होगा (ho-gaa)
(verb) will be. This is the third person future tense of होना, to be.

 

There should be some sort of disclaimer that goes with all of this, say: every time I write “this is” it really means “this is probably, I think.”

Help with this post comes from:

Edit (15 August 2008): Updated with help from Pradeep — see Errata, Words 1 to 100 for changes.

Spanish: Universidad de Texas y Depto. de Seguridad Interna acuerdan pacto fronterizo

August 1st, 2008

From the Houston Chronicle:

Estudiantes y opositores a la construcción del muro fronterizo a lo largo del campo universitario, obtuvieron hoy una muy celebrada victoria cuando la presidenta de la Universidad de Texas en Brownsville, Juliet García, anunció que había llegado a un acuerdo judicial con respecto a dicha estructura.

“Hoy es un buen día”, dijo García, quien añadió que vislumbraba un muro cubierto de flores y enredaderas.

Vocabulary: 

opositor - (noun) opponent
muro - (noun) wall
fronterizo - (adjective) frontier, border
obtuvieron - 3rd person plural preterite indicative of obtener

anunció - 3rd person singular preterite indicative of anunciar

había - 3rd person singular imperfect indicative of haber

llegado - participle of llegar

acuerdo - (noun) agreement
dicha - (adjective) said; mentioned
añadió - 3rd person singular preterite indicative of añadir

vislumbraba - 3rd person singular imperfect indicative of vislumbrar

cubierto - (adjective) covered
flores - (noun) flowers
enredaderas - (noun) creeper; climbing plant

This post was translated with WordReference.com.

Commonly used Hindi words #51 to 60: गये, कभी, आदि, लोग, बार, यहाँ, दोनों, उन्होंने, कार्य, पास

July 29th, 2008

These ten words are taken from a spreadsheet of the most common Hindi words (courtesy of Hindi Google Group and Resource Center for Indian Language Technology Solutions). Two of them — 51. गये and 58 उन्होंने — are still mysterious, i.e., I didn’t find a definition for them. I’ll have to ask Pradeep and see what he thinks…

Common words in Hindi, numbers 51 through 60:

51. गये
ga-ye
(verb) plural perfective aspect of जाना, to go

52. कभी
ka-bhii
(adverb) sometimes; at any time

53. आदि
a-di
(noun) et cetera

54. लोग
log
(masculine/feminine/plural noun) people, folk

55. बार
baar
(masculine noun) 1. times, occasion. 2. gate, door; doorway.

56. यहाँ
ya-haan
(adverb) 1. here. 2. at

57. दोनों
do-non
(adverb) the two; both

58. उन्होंने
un-hon-ne
(pronoun) oblique case of they

59. कार्य
kaar-ya
(masculine noun) 1. action, act; activity. 2. work, task duty.

60. पास
paas
(adverb) nearby

All translations made with The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary.

Edit (15 August 2008): Updated with advice from Vinay and Pradeep — see changes made in Errata, Words 1 to 100.

Punjabi: 21 to 31

July 16th, 2008

ਇੱਕੀ (ik-kii) - twenty-one
ਬਾਈ (baa-ii) - twenty-two
ਤੇਈ (te-ii) - twenty-three
ਚੌਵੀ (chau-vii) - twenty-four
ਪੰਝੀ (pan-jhii) - twenty-five
ਛੱਬੀ (chhab-bii) - twenty-six
ਸਤਾਈ (sa-taa-ii) - twenty-seven
ਅਠਾਈ (ath-aa-ii) - twenty-eight
ਉਨੱਤਈ (un-at-tii) - twenty-nine
ਤੀਹ (tiih) - thirty
ਇੱਕਤੀ (ik-ka-tii) - thirty-one

How did I develop this? I used (1) Punjabi-English/English-Punjabi Dictionary and (2) Teach Yourself Panjabi

Hindi: Commonly used words (41 to 50)

July 13th, 2008

Taken from a list of most common Hindi words [Google Spreadsheet].

Common words in Hindi, numbers 41 through 50:
41. थी (thii) - verb was (feminine past singular of होना)
42. वाले (vaa-le) - postposition used to denote a relationship to the noun, verb, or adjective preceding the postposition

  • Feminine form of वाला
  • It was fairly complex to find a definition for this word. The best help that I found was on A Door into Hindi from North Carolina State University.

43. चाहिए (chaa-hi-e) - intransitive verb is wanted (चाहिए को, is wanted by); is needful (to or for); should ought
44. दिन (din) - noun (m) a day
45. लेकिन (le-kin) - conjunction but; however
46. काम (kaam) - noun (m) action; act; work; task
47. हूँ (huun) - verb am (first person singular of होना)
48. होते (ho-te) - verb are (masculine third person plural form of होना)
49. इसके (is-a-ke) - pronoun of this, for this (oblique case of इस, this)
50. उन्हें (un-hen) - pronoun to them (dative case)

  • See Lesson 6.2 on A Door Into Hindi for an explanation of the dative case used here.

Many thanks to A Door Into Hindi, which provided help on the oblique and dative cases for िसके and उन्हें.

Punjabi: 11 to 20

July 5th, 2008

ਗਿਆਰਾਂ (gi-aa-raan) - eleven
ਬਾਰਾਂ (baa-raan) - twelve
ਤੇਰਾਂ (te-raan) - thirteen
ਚੌਦਾਂ (chau-daan) - fourteen
ਪੰਦਰਾਂ (pan-draan) - fifteen
ਸੋਲਾਂ (so-laan) - sixteen
ਸਤਾਰਾਂ (sa-taa-raan) - seventeen
ਅਠਾਰਾਂ (a-thaa-raan) - eighteen
ਉੱਨੀ (un-nii) - nineteen
ਵੀਹ (viih) - twenty

How did I develop this? I used (1) Punjabi-English/English-Punjabi Dictionary and (2) Teach Yourself Panjabi

Two Week Assessment and Strategy

July 4th, 2008

I’ve managed to go fairly steady for the past two weeks, which is a good start. Now, it’s time to sift through the what’s been done and see how it can be done better.

The first two weeks have followed a simple pattern: find new words, look up the meanings in a dictionary. All I want to do now is to build a base, both of vocabulary (in all three languages) and of the Gurmukhi and Devanagari alphabets. I have always had success remembering things that I have written and read, which is why I employ this method.

So, the first and easiest goal has been met: getting started.

Second goal: archiving the information I learn so that I can use it regularly.

Third goal: share my knowledge with others so that they can use it.

The second goal — essentially: data archival — will mainly involve how I use this blog. WordPress uses both tags and categories to organize posts. Categories denote the focus language of each post. Tags denote groups of words (months, days, etc.) as well as groups of words from the list of most common Hindi words, i.e., a tag for the top 100 words, then a tag for numbers 101 to 200, etc.

Another aspect to the second goal, specific only to Hindi for the moment, is to use the spreadsheet of most commonly used words to capture definitions, pronunciations, parts of speech, and map them to the posts in which they appear. Also, a proper citation for the spreadsheet source is needed.

I want to expand the spreadsheet to include most common words in Punjabi and Spanish. Finding a list of most common Spanish words is easy. I have no idea where to find this for Punjabi, and I won’t invest too much time in finding one yet since this is the number three focus language for me.

One other point on the second goal is to create a page for each language that I’m learning, e.g., a /hindi page for Hindi. That would be an excellent place to include the information I most frequently return to, such as the spreadsheet itself and the alphabet.

The third goal — sharing — will take a little more creativity. I have no intention of turning this blog into a teaching blog. I don’t have enough knowledge in any of the three target languages to be able to teach. This is a learning blog, documenting my trail as I go. In other words, I’m not going to foist the fumbling material here on others and call that sharing.

Instead, I would like to find others that are already creating and assist them, provided they want the assistance. This will likely be limited to Hindi, at least initially, since (1) there are tons of Spanish-English sites out there and (2) there are few, if any, collaborative sites for learning Punjabi that I’ve seen. Three sites seem best suited so far:

  1. Wiktionary. Wiktionary is the Wikimedia Foundation open dictionary project. (This is the group that maintains Wikipedia, and also Wikibooks and other projects.) What I especially want to do on Wiktionary is provide links for words between the various languages. For example, if you look up cloud in the English Wiktionary, there should be a link in the translations that takes you to बादल in the Hindi Wiktionary. But that link doesn’t exist yet. I can also keep an eye on the Punjabi and Spanish variants of the Wiktionary to do the same type of work.
  2. Wikibooks: Hindi. Wikibooks is a collection of educational texts put together by anyone that wants to help. The Hindi textbook doesn’t appear to have had any significant work done on it in about two years. Here there is an opportunity to arrange the existing content, convert some of the Romanized Hindi to Devanagari (e.g., some of the translations on this page are missing the Devanagari text), maybe even push it forward with what I know. I don’t have the knowledge to take it all the way to being a featured book, but maybe if others see that it is a living project they may wish to help.
  3. I Speak Hindi, especially the I Speak Hindi wiki. Nathan from the I Speak Hindi site emailed me recently, apparently after seeing the trackback from my blog to his after I linked to it. If he’d be willing to take help — I’ll have to ask him, and I wouldn’t be offended if he was uninterested — I could help him organize some of the content on his wiki. Again, I’m supremely unqualified to create content for them, but I’m quite good at organizing. We’ll see.

In a nutshell, the drive to learn ten new vocabulary words a day, posting them here, will continue as before. First, I’ll augment this by (1) organizing a page for each language and (2) managing the most common words spreadsheet. Second, I’ll check each word on Wiktionary and see if I can do any language interlinking. Third, I’ll look at the other two sites, Wikibooks and I Speak Hindi, to see what I can do to help.

Also, after writing this post, I think I will schedule an assessment every two weeks, to evaluate how things are going. (However, the next one wouldn’t happen until three weeks from now, since I will be offline during the week following this upcoming week.) I think it’s an unintentionally good idea.

Step by step: I’ll learn how to speak these languages proficiently some day.

Hindi: Commonly used words (31 to 40)

July 3rd, 2008

Taken from a list of most common Hindi words [Google Spreadsheet].

Common words in Hindi, numbers 31 through 40:
31. फिर (phir) - adv. 1. anew, again. 2. thereafter, afterwards; next; then. 3. furthermore; but.
32. रहे (ra-he) - aux. v. masculine plural form of continuous aspect auxiliary verb
33. द्वारा (dvaa-raa) - prep. by means

  • द्वारा के - by means of

34. अधिक (adh-ik) - adj. increased, exceeding; more

  • अधिक से - more than

35. रही (ra-hii) - aux. v. feminine singular form of continuous aspect auxiliary verb
36. होने (ho-ne) - v. oblique infinitive form of होना
37. एवं (ev-an) - adv. 1. thus, so. 2. and.
38. हुई (hu-ii) - v. becoming - singular feminine perfective aspect of होना
39. थे (the) - v. were (past masculine plural of ‘to be’)
40. उनके (un-a-ke) - adj. his

As you can see, there are still some translations that are missing (???). Pradeep just sent me an email that describes these, plus other ???’s from previous posts.

Some of blanks are regular omissions. From a few quick searches, I learned that रहे and similar words are part of a grammatical form known as the continuous aspect. Pradeep informed me that you wouldn’t use that word on its own, only with other verbs.

Some of the other missing words, such as होने, are forms of होना, which means to be — a very important word. The variations of to be are, of course, critical. Since there are many forms, now I understand why they were not all present as individual words in the dictionary.

So, tomorrow, it’s time to take a break from rote vocabulary building and fill in the holes. Also, it’s time to develop a strategy for learning. The spreadsheet above will be part of the plan. Some of the wiki sites I’ve found will also be part of the plan. But, I want to have clear goals and a clear understanding of how to get there. I don’t just want to know a few things, I want to be really good at Hindi (and Spanish and Punjabi).

Punjabi: Months

July 2nd, 2008

ਮਹੀਨਾ (ma-hii-naa) - m. month
ਜਨਵਰੀ (jan-va-rii) - January
ਫਰਵਰੀ (far-va-rii) - February
ਮਾਰਚ (maarch) - March
ਅਪਰੈਲ (ap-rail) - April
ਮਈ (ma-ii) - May
ਜੂਨ (juun) - June
ਜੁਲਾਈ (ju-laa-ii) - July
ਅਗਸਤ (ag-ast) - August
ਸਤੰਬਰ (sa-tan-bar) - September
ਅਕਤੂਬਰ (ak-tuu-bar) - October
ਨਵੰਬਰ (na-van-bar) - November
ਦਸੰਬਰ (da-san-bar) - December

How did I develop this? I used Teach Yourself Panjabi.

Hindi: Commonly used words (21 to 30)

July 1st, 2008

View the most common Hindi words as a Google Spreadsheet.

Common words in Hindi, numbers 11 through 20:
21. बात (baat) - f. something said, a word, remark; speech, talk words; conversation; discussion
22. कहा (ka-haa) - m. something said; a remark; remarks
23. समय (sam-ay) - m. time
24. क्या (kyaa) - pron. or adv. what
25. अपनी (ap-nii) - adj. her own; hers - feminine form of अपना

  • अपना (ap-naa) - adj. one’s, one’s own

26. होती (ho-tii) - v. happening - singular feminine imperfective aspect of होना

  • होना (ho-naa) - v. to be; to exist; to be present

27. प्रकार (pra-kaar) - m. kind; sort; type
28. बहुत (ba-hut) - adj. many; much
29. तरह (tar-ah) - f. kind; type
30. बाद (baad) - m. speech; discussion, dispute; argument

I discovered the spreadsheet containing the most frequently used words from the Hindi Google Group, a list which is apparently derived from Resource Center for Indian Language Technology Solutions at IIT-Mumbai (I can’t verify this because the .aci files will not open on my computer).

The version above, saved as a Google Spreadsheet, is a version that I have modified from the original. I’m not quite sure how I am going to use it yet, but my version will evolve as my language studies evolve. If you are interested in tracking the changes, follow the RSS Feed for Hindi words spreadsheet RSS feed for the spreadsheet. When I develop a strategy for developing the spreadsheet and studying Hindi from the top words down, I will write a post about it here.